Linux manual pages Section 2: System Calls  

Name

fcntl — manipulate file descriptor

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int fcntl( int fd,
  int cmd,
  ... /* arg */);
 

DESCRIPTION

fcntl() performs one of the operations described below on the open file descriptor fd. The operation is determined by cmd.

fcntl() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this argument is required is determined by cmd. The required argument type is indicated in parentheses after each cmd name (in most cases, the required type is int, and we identify the argument using the name arg), or void is specified if the argument is not required.

Duplicating a file descriptor

F_DUPFD (int)

Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to arg and make it be a copy of fd. This is different from dup2(2), which uses exactly the descriptor specified.

On success, the new descriptor is returned.

See dup(2) for further details.

F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC (int; since Linux 2.6.24)

As for F_DUPFD, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag permits a program to avoid an additional fcntl() F_SETFD operation to set the FD_CLOEXEC flag. For an explanation of why this flag is useful, see the description of O_CLOEXEC in open(2).

File descriptor flags

The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: FD_CLOEXEC, the close-on-exec flag. If the FD_CLOEXEC bit is 0, the file descriptor will remain open across an execve(2), otherwise it will be closed.

F_GETFD (void)

Read the file descriptor flags; arg is ignored.

F_SETFD (int)

Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by arg.

File status flags

Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized by open(2) and possibly modified by fcntl(). Duplicated file descriptors (made with dup(2), fcntl(F_DUPFD), fork(2), etc.) refer to the same open file description, and thus share the same file status flags.

The file status flags and their semantics are described in open(2).

F_GETFL (void)

Get the file access mode and the file status flags; arg is ignored.

F_SETFL (int)

Set the file status flags to the value specified by arg. File access mode (O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR) and file creation flags (i.e., O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_NOCTTY, O_TRUNC) in arg are ignored. On Linux this command can change only the O_APPEND, O_ASYNC, O_DIRECT, O_NOATIME, and O_NONBLOCK flags.

Advisory locking

F_GETLK, F_SETLK and F_SETLKW are used to acquire, release, and test for the existence of record locks (also known as file-segment or file-region locks). The third argument, lock, is a pointer to a structure that has at least the following fields (in unspecified order).

struct flock {
    ...
    short l_type;    /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,
                        F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */
    short l_whence;  /* How to interpret l_start:
                        SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */
    off_t l_start;   /* Starting offset for lock */
    off_t l_len;     /* Number of bytes to lock */
    pid_t l_pid;     /* PID of process blocking our lock
                        (F_GETLK only) */
    ...
};

The l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of this structure specify the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end of the file may be locked, but not bytes before the start of the file.

l_start is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative to either: the start of the file (if l_whence is SEEK_SET); the current file offset (if l_whence is SEEK_CUR); or the end of the file (if l_whence is SEEK_END). In the final two cases, l_start can be a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the file.

l_len specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If l_len is positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes l_start up to and including l_start+l_len−1. Specifying 0 for l_len has the special meaning: lock all bytes starting at the location specified by l_whence and l_start through to the end of file, no matter how large the file grows.

POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a negative l_len value; if l_len is negative, the interval described by lock covers bytes l_start+l_len up to and including l_start−1. This is supported by Linux since kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49.

The l_type field can be used to place a read (F_RDLCK) or a write (F_WRLCK) lock on a file. Any number of processes may hold a read lock (shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock (exclusive lock). An exclusive lock excludes all other locks, both shared and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the byte range specified by the new lock does not precisely coincide with the range of the existing lock.)

F_SETLK (struct flock *)

Acquire a lock (when l_type is F_RDLCK or F_WRLCK) or release a lock (when l_type is F_UNLCK) on the bytes specified by the l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of lock. If a conflicting lock is held by another process, this call returns −1 and sets errno to EACCES or EAGAIN.

F_SETLKW (struct flock *)

As for F_SETLK, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, then the call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns immediately (with return value −1 and errno set to EINTR; see signal(7)).

F_GETLK (struct flock *)

On input to this call, lock describes a lock we would like to place on the file. If the lock could be placed, fcntl() does not actually place it, but returns F_UNLCK in the l_type field of lock and leaves the other fields of the structure unchanged. If one or more incompatible locks would prevent this lock being placed, then fcntl() returns details about one of these locks in the l_type, l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of lock and sets l_pid to be the PID of the process holding that lock.

In order to place a read lock, fd must be open for reading. In order to place a write lock, fd must be open for writing. To place both types of lock, open a file read-write.

As well as being removed by an explicit F_UNLCK, record locks are automatically released when the process terminates or if it closes any file descriptor referring to a file on which locks are held. This is bad: it means that a process can lose the locks on a file like /etc/passwd or /etc/mtab when for some reason a library function decides to open, read and close it.

Record locks are not inherited by a child created via fork(2), but are preserved across an execve(2).

Because of the buffering performed by the stdio(3) library, the use of record locking with routines in that package should be avoided; use read(2) and write(2) instead.

Mandatory locking

(Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, and are advisory by default.

Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful only between cooperating processes.

Mandatory locks are enforced for all processes. If a process tries to perform an incompatible access (e.g., read(2) or write(2)) on a file region that has an incompatible mandatory lock, then the result depends upon whether the O_NONBLOCK flag is enabled for its open file description. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is not enabled, then system call is blocked until the lock is removed or converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is enabled, then the system call fails with the error EAGAIN.

To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on the filesystem that contains the file to be locked, and on the file itself. Mandatory locking is enabled on a filesystem using the "−o mand" option to mount(8), or the MS_MANDLOCK flag for mount(2). Mandatory locking is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission on the file and enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see chmod(1) and chmod(2)).

The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS below.

Managing signals

F_GETOWN, F_SETOWN, F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_GETSIG and F_SETSIG are used to manage I/O availability signals:

F_GETOWN (void)

Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently receiving SIGIO and SIGURG signals for events on file descriptor fd. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are returned as negative values (but see BUGS below). arg is ignored.

F_SETOWN (int)

Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive SIGIO and SIGURG signals for events on file descriptor fd to the ID given in arg. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID is specified as a negative value. Most commonly, the calling process specifies itself as the owner (that is, arg is specified as getpid(2)).

If you set the O_ASYNC status flag on a file descriptor by using the F_SETFL command of fcntl(), a SIGIO signal is sent whenever input or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. F_SETSIG can be used to obtain delivery of a signal other than SIGIO. If this permission check fails, then the signal is silently discarded.

Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by F_SETOWN is subject to the same permissions checks as are described for kill(2), where the sending process is the one that employs F_SETOWN (but see BUGS below).

If the file descriptor fd refers to a socket, F_SETOWN also selects the recipient of SIGURG signals that are delivered when out-of-band data arrives on that socket. (SIGURG is sent in any situation where select(2) would report the socket as having an "exceptional condition".)

The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:

  • If a nonzero value is given to F_SETSIG in a multithreaded process running with a threading library that supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), then a positive value given to F_SETOWN has a different meaning: instead of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID identifying a specific thread within a process. Consequently, it may be necessary to pass F_SETOWN the result of gettid(2) instead of getpid(2) to get sensible results when F_SETSIG is used. (In current Linux threading implementations, a main thread's thread ID is the same as its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can equally use gettid(2) or getpid(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the statements in this paragraph do not apply to the SIGURG signal generated for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to either a process or a process group, depending on the value given to F_SETOWN.

The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onward, use F_SETOWN_EX to target SIGIO and SIGURG signals at a particular thread.

F_GETOWN_EX (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)

Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous F_SETOWN_EX operation. The information is returned in the structure pointed to by arg, which has the following form:

struct f_owner_ex {
  int   type;  
  pid_t   pid;  
};

The type field will have one of the values F_OWNER_TID, F_OWNER_PID, or F_OWNER_PGRP. The pid field is a positive integer representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See F_SETOWN_EX for more details.

F_SETOWN_EX (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)

This operation performs a similar task to F_SETOWN. It allows the caller to direct I/O availability signals to a specific thread, process, or process group. The caller specifies the target of signals via arg, which is a pointer to a f_owner_ex structure. The type field has one of the following values, which define how pid is interpreted:

F_OWNER_TID

Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call to clone(2) or gettid(2)) is specified in pid.

F_OWNER_PID

Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in pid.

F_OWNER_PGRP

Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in pid. (Note that, unlike with F_SETOWN, a process group ID is specified as a positive value here.)

F_GETSIG (void)

Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output becomes possible. A value of zero means SIGIO is sent. Any other value (including SIGIO) is the signal sent instead, and in this case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with SA_SIGINFO. arg is ignored.

F_SETSIG (int)

Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given in arg. A value of zero means to send the default SIGIO signal. Any other value (including SIGIO) is the signal to send instead, and in this case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with SA_SIGINFO.

By using F_SETSIG with a nonzero value, and setting SA_SIGINFO for the signal handler (see sigaction(2)), extra information about I/O events is passed to the handler in a siginfo_t structure. If the si_code field indicates the source is SI_SIGIO, the si_fd field gives the file descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is no indication which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms (select(2), poll(2), read(2) with O_NONBLOCK set etc.) to determine which file descriptors are available for I/O.

By selecting a real time signal (value >= SIGRTMIN), multiple I/O events may be queued using the same signal numbers. (Queuing is dependent on available memory). Extra information is available if SA_SIGINFO is set for the signal handler, as above.

Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may be queued to a process (see getrlimit(2) and signal(7)) and if this limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering SIGIO, and this signal is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread.

Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O without using select(2) or poll(2) most of the time.

The use of O_ASYNC, F_GETOWN, F_SETOWN is specific to BSD and Linux. F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_GETSIG, and F_SETSIG are Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the aio_sigevent structure to achieve similar things; these are also available in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc).

Leases

F_SETLEASE and F_GETLEASE (Linux 2.4 onward) are used (respectively) to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current lease, on the open file description referred to by the file descriptor fd. A file lease provides a mechanism whereby the process holding the lease (the "lease holder") is notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the "lease breaker") tries to open(2) or truncate(2) the file referred to by that file descriptor.

F_SETLEASE (int)

Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is specified in the integer arg:

F_RDLCK

Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified when the file is opened for writing or is truncated. A read lease can be placed only on a file descriptor that is opened read-only.

F_WRLCK

Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the file is opened for reading or writing or is truncated. A write lease may be placed on a file only if there are no other open file descriptors for the file.

F_UNLCK

Remove our lease from the file.

Leases are associated with an open file description (see open(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, fork(2) or dup(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released by either an explicit F_UNLCK operation on any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed.

Leases may be taken out only on regular files. An unprivileged process may take out a lease only on a file whose UID (owner) matches the filesystem UID of the process. A process with the CAP_LEASE capability may take out leases on arbitrary files.

F_GETLEASE (void)

Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor fd by returning either F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or F_UNLCK, indicating, respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. arg is ignored.

When a process (the "lease breaker") performs an open(2) or truncate(2) that conflicts with a lease established via F_SETLEASE, the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease holder by sending it a signal (SIGIO by default). The lease holder should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is required in preparation for the file to be accessed by another process (e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or downgrade its lease. A lease is removed by performing an F_SETLEASE command specifying arg as F_UNLCK. If the lease holder currently holds a write lease on the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is sufficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. This is done by performing an F_SETLEASE command specifying arg as F_RDLCK.

If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number of seconds specified in /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time then the kernel forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease.

Once a lease break has been initiated, F_GETLEASE returns the target lease type (either F_RDLCK or F_UNLCK, depending on what would be compatible with the lease breaker) until the lease holder voluntarily downgrades or removes the lease or the kernel forcibly does so after the lease break timer expires.

Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked its system call, the kernel permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed.

If the lease breaker's blocked open(2) or truncate(2) is interrupted by a signal handler, then the system call fails with the error EINTR, but the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is killed by a signal while blocked in open(2) or truncate(2), then the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies the O_NONBLOCK flag when calling open(2), then the call immediately fails with the error EWOULDBLOCK, but the other steps still occur as described above.

The default signal used to notify the lease holder is SIGIO, but this can be changed using the F_SETSIG command to fcntl(). If a F_SETSIG command is performed (even one specifying SIGIO), and the signal handler is established using SA_SIGINFO, then the handler will receive a siginfo_t structure as its second argument, and the si_fd field of this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases against multiple files).

File and directory change notification (dnotify)

F_NOTIFY (int)

(Linux 2.4 onward) Provide notification when the directory referred to by fd or any of the files that it contains is changed. The events to be notified are specified in arg, which is a bit mask specified by ORing together zero or more of the following bits:

DN_ACCESS

A file was accessed (read, pread, readv)

DN_MODIFY

A file was modified (write, pwrite, writev, truncate, ftruncate).

DN_CREATE

A file was created (open, creat, mknod, mkdir, link, symlink, rename).

DN_DELETE

A file was unlinked (unlink, rename to another directory, rmdir).

DN_RENAME

A file was renamed within this directory (rename).

DN_ATTRIB

The attributes of a file were changed (chown, chmod, utime[s]).

(In order to obtain these definitions, the _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro must be defined before including any header files.)

Directory notifications are normally "one-shot", and the application must reregister to receive further notifications. Alternatively, if DN_MULTISHOT is included in arg, then notification will remain in effect until explicitly removed.

A series of F_NOTIFY requests is cumulative, with the events in arg being added to the set already monitored. To disable notification of all events, make an F_NOTIFY call specifying arg as 0.

Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is SIGIO, but this can be changed using the F_SETSIG command to fcntl(). In the latter case, the signal handler receives a siginfo_t structure as its second argument (if the handler was established using SA_SIGINFO) and the si_fd field of this structure contains the file descriptor which generated the notification (useful when establishing notification on multiple directories).

Especially when using DN_MULTISHOT, a real time signal should be used for notification, so that multiple notifications can be queued.

[Note] Note

New applications should use the inotify interface (available since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much superior interface for obtaining notifications of filesystem events. See inotify(7).

Changing the capacity of a pipe

F_SETPIPE_SZ (int; since Linux 2.6.35)

Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd to be at least arg bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust the pipe capacity to any value between the system page size and the limit defined in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size (see proc(5)). Attempts to set the pipe capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size. Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size yield the error EPERM; a privileged process (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) can override the limit. When allocating the buffer for the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than arg, if that is convenient for the implementation. The F_GETPIPE_SZ operation returns the actual size used. Attempting to set the pipe capacity smaller than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data produces the error EBUSY.

F_GETPIPE_SZ (void; since Linux 2.6.35)

Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd.

RETURN VALUE

For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:

F_DUPFD

The new descriptor.

F_GETFD

Value of file descriptor flags.

F_GETFL

Value of file status flags.

F_GETLEASE

Type of lease held on file descriptor.

F_GETOWN

Value of descriptor owner.

F_GETSIG

Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for traditional SIGIO behavior.

F_GETPIPE_SZ

The pipe capacity.

All other commands

Zero.

On error, −1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.

ERRORS

EACCES or EAGAIN

Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes.

EAGAIN

The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another process.

EBADF

fd is not an open file descriptor, or the command was F_SETLK or F_SETLKW and the file descriptor open mode doesn't match with the type of lock requested.

EDEADLK

It was detected that the specified F_SETLKW command would cause a deadlock.

EFAULT

lock is outside your accessible address space.

EINTR

For F_SETLKW, the command was interrupted by a signal; see signal(7). For F_GETLK and F_SETLK, the command was interrupted by a signal before the lock was checked or acquired. Most likely when locking a remote file (e.g., locking over NFS), but can sometimes happen locally.

EINVAL

For F_DUPFD, arg is negative or is greater than the maximum allowable value. For F_SETSIG, arg is not an allowable signal number.

EMFILE

For F_DUPFD, the process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open.

ENOLCK

Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS).

EPERM

Attempted to clear the O_APPEND flag on a file that has the append-only attribute set.

CONFORMING TO

SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations F_DUPFD, F_GETFD, F_SETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFL, F_GETLK, F_SETLK and F_SETLKW, are specified in POSIX.1-2001.

F_GETOWN and F_SETOWN are specified in POSIX.1-2001. (To get their definitions, define BSD_SOURCE, or _XOPEN_SOURCE with the value 500 or greater, or define _POSIX_C_SOURCE with the value 200809L or greater.)

F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC is specified in POSIX.1-2008. (To get this definition, define _POSIX_C_SOURCE with the value 200809L or greater, or _XOPEN_SOURCE with the value 700 or greater.)

F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_SETPIPE_SZ, F_GETPIPE_SZ, F_GETSIG, F_SETSIG, F_NOTIFY, F_GETLEASE, and F_SETLEASE are Linux-specific. (Define the _GNU_SOURCE macro to obtain these definitions.)

NOTES

The original Linux fcntl() system call was not designed to handle large file offsets (in the flock structure). Consequently, an fcntl64() system call was added in Linux 2.4. The newer system call employs a different structure for file locking, flock64, and corresponding commands, F_GETLK64, F_SETLK64, and F_SETLKW64. However, these details can be ignored by applications using glibc, whose fcntl() wrapper function transparently employs the more recent system call where it is available.

The errors returned by dup2(2) are different from those returned by F_DUPFD.

Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed by flock(2) and fcntl().

Several systems have more fields in struct flock such as, for example, l_sysid. Clearly, l_pid alone is not going to be very useful if the process holding the lock may live on a different machine.

BUGS

A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures (notably i386) means that if a (negative) process group ID to be returned by F_GETOWN falls in the range −1 to −4095, then the return value is wrongly interpreted by glibc as an error in the system call; that is, the return value of fcntl() will be −1, and errno will contain the (positive) process group ID. The Linux-specific F_GETOWN_EX operation avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes the kernel F_GETOWN problem invisible by implementing F_GETOWN using F_GETOWN_EX.

In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged process uses F_SETOWN to specify the owner of a socket file descriptor as a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, fcntl() can return −1 with errno set to EPERM, even when the owner process (group) is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to the owner.

The implementation of mandatory locking in all known versions of Linux is subject to race conditions which render it unreliable: a write(2) call that overlaps with a lock may modify data after the mandatory lock is acquired; a read(2) call that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to data that were made only after a write lock was acquired. Similar races exist between mandatory locks and mmap(2). It is therefore inadvisable to rely on mandatory locking.

SEE ALSO

dup2(2), flock(2), open(2), socket(2), lockf(3), capabilities(7), feature_test_macros(7)

locks.txt, mandatory-locking.txt, and dnotify.txt in the Linux kernel source directory Documentation/filesystems/ (on older kernels, these files are directly under the Documentation/ directory, and mandatory-locking.txt is called mandatory.txt)

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man−pages/.


  t
This manpage is Copyright (C) 1992 Drew Eckhardt;
                and Copyright (C) 1993 Michael Haardt, Ian Jackson;
                and Copyright (C) 1998 Jamie Lokier;
                and Copyright (C) 2002-2010 Michael Kerrisk.

%%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
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Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
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%%%LICENSE_END

Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faithcs.unc.edu>
Modified 1995-09-26 by Andries Brouwer <aebcwi.nl>
and again on 960413 and 980804 and 981223.
Modified 1998-12-11 by Jamie Lokier <jamieimbolc.ucc.ie>
Applied correction by Christian Ehrhardt - aeb, 990712
Modified 2002-04-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com>
Added note on F_SETFL and O_DIRECT
Complete rewrite + expansion of material on file locking
Incorporated description of F_NOTIFY, drawing on
Stephen Rothwell's notes in Documentation/dnotify.txt.
Added description of F_SETLEASE and F_GETLEASE
Corrected and polished, aeb, 020527.
Modified 2004-03-03 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com>
    Modified description of file leases: fixed some errors of detail
    Replaced the term "lease contestant" by "lease breaker"
Modified, 27 May 2004, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com>
    Added notes on capability requirements
Modified 2004-12-08, added O_NOATIME after note from Martin Pool
2004-12-10, mtk, noted F_GETOWN bug after suggestion from aeb.
2005-04-08 Jamie Lokier <jamieshareable.org>, mtk
Described behavior of F_SETOWN/F_SETSIG in
multithreaded processes, and generally cleaned
up the discussion of F_SETOWN.
2005-05-20, Johannes Nicolai <johannes.nicolaihpi.uni-potsdam.de>,
mtk: Noted F_SETOWN bug for socket file descriptor in Linux 2.4
and earlier.  Added text on permissions required to send signal.
2009-09-30, Michael Kerrisk
    Note obsolete F_SETOWN behavior with threads.
    Document F_SETOWN_EX and F_GETOWN_EX
2010-06-17, Michael Kerrisk
Document F_SETPIPE_SZ and F_GETPIPE_SZ.