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capabilities — overview of Linux capabilities
For the purpose of performing permission checks,
traditional UNIX implementations distinguish two categories
of processes: privileged
processes (whose
effective user ID is 0, referred to as superuser or root),
and unprivileged
processes (whose effective UID is nonzero). Privileged
processes bypass all kernel permission checks, while
unprivileged processes are subject to full permission
checking based on the process's credentials (usually:
effective UID, effective GID, and supplementary group
list).
Starting with kernel 2.2, Linux divides the privileges
traditionally associated with superuser into distinct units,
known as capabilities
, which can be
independently enabled and disabled. Capabilities are a
per-thread attribute.
The following list shows the capabilities implemented on Linux, and the operations or behaviors that each capability permits:
CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL
(since Linux
2.6.11)Enable and disable kernel auditing; change auditing filter rules; retrieve auditing status and filtering rules.
CAP_AUDIT_WRITE
(since Linux
2.6.11)Write records to kernel auditing log.
CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND
(since Linux
3.5)Employ features that can block system suspend
(epoll(7)
EPOLLWAKEUP
,
/proc/sys/wake_lock
).
CAP_CHOWN
Make arbitrary changes to file UIDs and GIDs (see chown(2)).
CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
Bypass file read, write, and execute permission checks. (DAC is an abbreviation of "discretionary access control".)
CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
Bypass file read permission checks and directory read and execute permission checks;
Invoke open_by_handle_at(2).
CAP_FOWNER
Bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the filesystem UID of the process to match the UID of the file (e.g., chmod(2), utime(2)), excluding those operations covered by
CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
andCAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
;set extended file attributes (see chattr(1)) on arbitrary files;
set Access Control Lists (ACLs) on arbitrary files;
ignore directory sticky bit on file deletion;
specify
O_NOATIME
for arbitrary files in open(2) and fcntl(2).
CAP_FSETID
Don't clear set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits when a file is modified; set the set-group-ID bit for a file whose GID does not match the filesystem or any of the supplementary GIDs of the calling process.
CAP_IPC_LOCK
Lock memory (mlock(2), mlockall(2), mmap(2), shmctl(2)).
CAP_IPC_OWNER
Bypass permission checks for operations on System V IPC objects.
CAP_KILL
Bypass permission checks for sending signals (see
kill(2)). This
includes use of the ioctl(2)
KDSIGACCEPT
operation.
CAP_LEASE
(since Linux
2.4)Establish leases on arbitrary files (see fcntl(2)).
CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE
Set the FS_APPEND_FL
and FS_IMMUTABLE_FL
i-node flags (see chattr(1)).
CAP_MAC_ADMIN
(since Linux
2.6.25)Override Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Implemented for the Smack Linux Security Module (LSM).
CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE
(since Linux
2.6.25)Allow MAC configuration or state changes. Implemented for the Smack LSM.
CAP_MKNOD
(since Linux
2.4)Create special files using mknod(2).
CAP_NET_ADMIN
Perform various network-related operations:
interface configuration;
administration of IP firewall, masquerading, and accounting;
modify routing tables;
bind to any address for transparent proxying;
set type-of-service (TOS)
clear driver statistics;
set promiscuous mode;
enabling multicasting;
use setsockopt(2) to set the following socket options:
SO_DEBUG
,SO_MARK
,SO_PRIORITY
(for a priority outside the range 0 to 6),SO_RCVBUFFORCE
, andSO_SNDBUFFORCE
.
CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports (port numbers less than 1024).
CAP_NET_BROADCAST
(Unused) Make socket broadcasts, and listen to multicasts.
CAP_NET_RAW
use RAW and PACKET sockets;
bind to any address for transparent proxying.
CAP_SETGID
Make arbitrary manipulations of process GIDs and supplementary GID list; forge GID when passing socket credentials via UNIX domain sockets.
CAP_SETFCAP
(since Linux
2.6.24)Set file capabilities.
CAP_SETPCAP
If file capabilities are not supported: grant or
remove any capability in the caller's permitted
capability set to or from any other process. (This
property of CAP_SETPCAP
is not available when the kernel is configured to
support file capabilities, since CAP_SETPCAP
has entirely different
semantics for such kernels.)
If file capabilities are supported: add any
capability from the calling thread's bounding set to
its inheritable set; drop capabilities from the
bounding set (via prctl(2)
PR_CAPBSET_DROP
); make
changes to the securebits
flags.
CAP_SETUID
Make arbitrary manipulations of process UIDs (setuid(2), setreuid(2), setresuid(2), setfsuid(2)); make forged UID when passing socket credentials via UNIX domain sockets.
CAP_SYS_ADMIN
Perform a range of system administration operations including: quotactl(2), mount(2), umount(2), swapon(2), swapoff(2), sethostname(2), and setdomainname(2);
perform privileged syslog(2) operations (since Linux 2.6.37,
CAP_SYSLOG
should be used to permit such operations);perform
VM86_REQUEST_IRQ
vm86(2) command;perform
IPC_SET
andIPC_RMID
operations on arbitrary System V IPC objects;perform operations on
trusted
andsecurity
Extended Attributes (see attr(5));use lookup_dcookie(2);
use ioprio_set(2) to assign
IOPRIO_CLASS_RT
and (before Linux 2.6.25)IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE
I/O scheduling classes;forge UID when passing socket credentials;
exceed
/proc/sys/fs/file-max
, the system-wide limit on the number of open files, in system calls that open files (e.g., accept(2), execve(2), open(2), pipe(2));employ
CLONE_*
flags that create new namespaces with clone(2) and unshare(2);call perf_event_open(2);
access privileged
perf
event information;call setns(2);
call fanotify_init(2);
perform
KEYCTL_CHOWN
andKEYCTL_SETPERM
keyctl(2) operations;perform madvise(2)
MADV_HWPOISON
operation;employ the
TIOCSTI
ioctl(2) to insert characters into the input queue of a terminal other than the caller's controlling terminal.employ the obsolete nfsservctl(2) system call;
employ the obsolete bdflush(2) system call;
perform various privileged block-device ioctl(2) operations;
perform various privileged filesystem ioctl(2) operations;
perform administrative operations on many device drivers.
CAP_SYS_BOOT
Use reboot(2) and kexec_load(2).
CAP_SYS_CHROOT
Use chroot(2).
CAP_SYS_MODULE
Load and unload kernel modules (see init_module(2) and delete_module(2)); in kernels before 2.6.25: drop capabilities from the system-wide capability bounding set.
CAP_SYS_NICE
Raise process nice value (nice(2), setpriority(2)) and change the nice value for arbitrary processes;
set real-time scheduling policies for calling process, and set scheduling policies and priorities for arbitrary processes (sched_setscheduler(2), sched_setparam(2));
set CPU affinity for arbitrary processes (sched_setaffinity(2));
set I/O scheduling class and priority for arbitrary processes (ioprio_set(2));
apply migrate_pages(2) to arbitrary processes and allow processes to be migrated to arbitrary nodes;
apply move_pages(2) to arbitrary processes;
use the
MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
flag with mbind(2) and move_pages(2).
CAP_SYS_PACCT
Use acct(2).
CAP_SYS_PTRACE
Trace arbitrary processes using ptrace(2); apply get_robust_list(2) to arbitrary processes; inspect processes using kcmp(2).
CAP_SYS_RAWIO
access
/proc/kcore
;employ the
FIBMAP
ioctl(2) operation;open devices for accessing x86 model-specific registers (MSRs, see msr(4))
update
/proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr
;create memory mappings at addresses below the value specified by
/proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr
;map files in
/proc/bus/pci
;open
/dev/mem
and/dev/kmem
;perform various SCSI device commands;
perform a range of device-specific operations on other devices.
CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
Use reserved space on ext2 filesystems;
make ioctl(2) calls controlling ext3 journaling;
override disk quota limits;
increase resource limits (see setrlimit(2));
override
RLIMIT_NPROC
resource limit;override maximum number of consoles on console allocation;
override maximum number of keymaps;
allow more than 64hz interrupts from the real-time clock;
raise
msg_qbytes
limit for a System V message queue above the limit in/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb
(see msgop(2) and msgctl(2));override the
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-size-max
limit when setting the capacity of a pipe using theF_SETPIPE_SZ
fcntl(2) command.use
F_SETPIPE_SZ
to increase the capacity of a pipe above the limit specified by/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
;override
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max
limit when creating POSIX message queues (see mq_overview(7));employ prctl(2)
PR_SET_MM
operation;set
/proc/PID/oom_score_adj
to a value lower than the value last set by a process withCAP_SYS_RESOURCE
.
CAP_SYS_TIME
Set system clock (settimeofday(2), stime(2), adjtimex(2)); set real-time (hardware) clock.
CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
Use vhangup(2); employ various privileged ioctl(2) operations on virtual terminals.
CAP_SYSLOG
(since Linux
2.6.37)Perform privileged syslog(2) operations. See syslog(2) for information on which operations require privilege.
View kernel addresses exposed via /proc
and other interfaces when
/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict
has
the value 1. (See the discussion of the kptr_restrict
in
proc(5).)
CAP_WAKE_ALARM
(since Linux
3.0)Trigger something that will wake up the system
(set CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
and
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
timers).
A full implementation of capabilities requires that:
For all privileged operations, the kernel must check whether the thread has the required capability in its effective set.
The kernel must provide system calls allowing a thread's capability sets to be changed and retrieved.
The filesystem must support attaching capabilities to an executable file, so that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed.
Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met; since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met.
Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more of the above capabilities:
Permitted
:This is a limiting superset for the effective
capabilities that the thread may assume. It is also a
limiting superset for the capabilities that may be
added to the inheritable set by a thread that does
not have the CAP_SETPCAP
capability in its
effective set.
If a thread drops a capability from its permitted set, it can never reacquire that capability (unless it execve(2)s either a set-user-ID-root program, or a program whose associated file capabilities grant that capability).
Inheritable
:This is a set of capabilities preserved across an execve(2). It provides a mechanism for a process to assign capabilities to the permitted set of the new program during an execve(2).
Effective
:This is the set of capabilities used by the kernel to perform permission checks for the thread.
A child created via fork(2) inherits copies of its parent's capability sets. See below for a discussion of the treatment of capabilities during execve(2).
Using capset(2), a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see below).
Since Linux 3.2, the file /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap
exposes the
numerical value of the highest capability supported by the
running kernel; this can be used to determine the highest
bit that may be set in a capability set.
Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports associating
capability sets with an executable file using setcap(8). The file
capability sets are stored in an extended attribute (see
setxattr(2)) named
security.capability
.
Writing to this extended attribute requires the
CAP_SETFCAP
capability. The
file capability sets, in conjunction with the capability
sets of the thread, determine the capabilities of a thread
after an execve(2).
The three file capability sets are:
Permitted
(formerly
known as forced
):These capabilities are automatically permitted to the thread, regardless of the thread's inheritable capabilities.
Inheritable
(formerly
known as allowed
):This set is ANDed with the thread's inheritable set to determine which inheritable capabilities are enabled in the permitted set of the thread after the execve(2).
Effective
:This is not a set, but rather just a single bit. If this bit is set, then during an execve(2) all of the new permitted capabilities for the thread are also raised in the effective set. If this bit is not set, then after an execve(2), none of the new permitted capabilities is in the new effective set.
Enabling the file effective capability bit implies that any file permitted or inheritable capability that causes a thread to acquire the corresponding permitted capability during an execve(2) (see the transformation rules described below) will also acquire that capability in its effective set. Therefore, when assigning capabilities to a file (setcap(8), cap_set_file(3), cap_set_fd(3)), if we specify the effective flag as being enabled for any capability, then the effective flag must also be specified as enabled for all other capabilities for which the corresponding permitted or inheritable flags is enabled.
During an execve(2), the kernel calculates the new capabilities of the process using the following algorithm:
P'(permitted) = (P(inheritable) & F(inheritable)) | (F(permitted) & cap_bset) P'(effective) = F(effective) ? P'(permitted) : 0 P'(inheritable) = P(inheritable) [i.e., unchanged]
where:
In order to provide an all-powerful root
using capability sets,
during an execve(2):
If a set-user-ID-root program is being executed, or the real user ID of the process is 0 (root) then the file inheritable and permitted sets are defined to be all ones (i.e., all capabilities enabled).
If a set-user-ID-root program is being executed, then the file effective bit is defined to be one (enabled).
The upshot of the above rules, combined with the capabilities transformations described above, is that when a process execve(2)s a set-user-ID-root program, or when a process with an effective UID of 0 execve(2)s a program, it gains all capabilities in its permitted and effective capability sets, except those masked out by the capability bounding set. This provides semantics that are the same as those provided by traditional UNIX systems.
The capability bounding set is a security mechanism that can be used to limit the capabilities that can be gained during an execve(2). The bounding set is used in the following ways:
During an execve(2), the capability bounding set is ANDed with the file permitted capability set, and the result of this operation is assigned to the thread's permitted capability set. The capability bounding set thus places a limit on the permitted capabilities that may be granted by an executable file.
(Since Linux 2.6.25) The capability bounding set acts as a limiting superset for the capabilities that a thread can add to its inheritable set using capset(2). This means that if a capability is not in the bounding set, then a thread can't add this capability to its inheritable set, even if it was in its permitted capabilities, and thereby cannot have this capability preserved in its permitted set when it execve(2)s a file that has the capability in its inheritable set.
Note that the bounding set masks the file permitted capabilities, but not the inherited capabilities. If a thread maintains a capability in its inherited set that is not in its bounding set, then it can still gain that capability in its permitted set by executing a file that has the capability in its inherited set.
Depending on the kernel version, the capability bounding set is either a system-wide attribute, or a per-process attribute.
Capability bounding set prior to Linux 2.6.25
In kernels before 2.6.25, the capability bounding set is
a system-wide attribute that affects all threads on the
system. The bounding set is accessible via the file
/proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound
.
(Confusingly, this bit mask parameter is expressed as a
signed decimal number in /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound
.)
Only the init
process may set capabilities in the capability bounding
set; other than that, the superuser (more precisely:
programs with the CAP_SYS_MODULE
capability) may only clear
capabilities from this set.
On a standard system the capability bounding set always
masks out the CAP_SETPCAP
capability. To remove this restriction (dangerous!), modify
the definition of CAP_INIT_EFF_SET
in include/linux/capability.h
and rebuild
the kernel.
The system-wide capability bounding set feature was added to Linux starting with kernel version 2.2.11.
Capability bounding set from Linux 2.6.25 onward
From Linux 2.6.25, the capability bounding set is a per-thread attribute. (There is no longer a system-wide capability bounding set.)
The bounding set is inherited at fork(2) from the thread's parent, and is preserved across an execve(2).
A thread may remove capabilities from its capability
bounding set using the prctl(2) PR_CAPBSET_DROP
operation, provided it
has the CAP_SETPCAP
capability. Once a capability has been dropped from the
bounding set, it cannot be restored to that set. A thread
can determine if a capability is in its bounding set using
the prctl(2) PR_CAPBSET_READ
operation.
Removing capabilities from the bounding set is supported
only if file capabilities are compiled into the kernel. In
kernels before Linux 2.6.33, file capabilities were an
optional feature configurable via the
CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES option. Since Linux
2.6.33, the configuration option has been removed and file
capabilities are always part of the kernel. When file
capabilities are compiled into the kernel, the init
process (the ancestor
of all processes) begins with a full bounding set. If file
capabilities are not compiled into the kernel, then
init
begins with
a full bounding set minus CAP_SETPCAP
, because this capability has
a different meaning when there are no file
capabilities.
Removing a capability from the bounding set does not remove it from the thread's inherited set. However it does prevent the capability from being added back into the thread's inherited set in the future.
To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between 0 and nonzero user IDs, the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability sets on changes to the thread's real, effective, saved set, and filesystem user IDs (using setuid(2), setresuid(2), or similar):
If one or more of the real, effective or saved set user IDs was previously 0, and as a result of the UID changes all of these IDs have a nonzero value, then all capabilities are cleared from the permitted and effective capability sets.
If the effective user ID is changed from 0 to nonzero, then all capabilities are cleared from the effective set.
If the effective user ID is changed from nonzero to 0, then the permitted set is copied to the effective set.
If the filesystem user ID is changed from 0 to
nonzero (see setfsuid(2)) then
the following capabilities are cleared from the
effective set: CAP_CHOWN
, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
, CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
, CAP_FOWNER
, CAP_FSETID
, CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE
(since Linux
2.2.30), CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE
, and CAP_MKNOD
(since Linux 2.2.30). If
the filesystem UID is changed from nonzero to 0, then
any of these capabilities that are enabled in the
permitted set are enabled in the effective set.
If a thread that has a 0 value for one or more of its
user IDs wants to prevent its permitted capability set
being cleared when it resets all of its user IDs to nonzero
values, it can do so using the prctl(2) PR_SET_KEEPCAPS
operation.
A thread can retrieve and change its capability sets
using the capget(2) and capset(2) system calls.
However, the use of cap_get_proc(3) and
cap_set_proc(3), both
provided in the libcap
package, is
preferred for this purpose. The following rules govern
changes to the thread capability sets:
If the caller does not have the CAP_SETPCAP
capability, the new
inheritable set must be a subset of the combination
of the existing inheritable and permitted sets.
(Since Linux 2.6.25) The new inheritable set must be a subset of the combination of the existing inheritable set and the capability bounding set.
The new permitted set must be a subset of the existing permitted set (i.e., it is not possible to acquire permitted capabilities that the thread does not currently have).
The new effective set must be a subset of the new permitted set.
Starting with kernel 2.6.26, and with a kernel in which
file capabilities are enabled, Linux implements a set of
per-thread securebits
flags that can
be used to disable special handling of capabilities for UID
0 (root
). These
flags are as follows:
SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS
Setting this flag allows a thread that has one or
more 0 UIDs to retain its capabilities when it
switches all of its UIDs to a nonzero value. If this
flag is not set, then such a UID switch causes the
thread to lose all capabilities. This flag is always
cleared on an execve(2). (This
flag provides the same functionality as the older
prctl(2)
PR_SET_KEEPCAPS
operation.)
SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP
Setting this flag stops the kernel from adjusting capability sets when the threads's effective and filesystem UIDs are switched between zero and nonzero values. (See the subsection Effect of User ID Changes on Capabilities.)
SECBIT_NOROOT
If this bit is set, then the kernel does not grant capabilities when a set-user-ID-root program is executed, or when a process with an effective or real UID of 0 calls execve(2). (See the subsection Capabilities and execution of programs by root.)
Each of the above "base" flags has a companion "locked"
flag. Setting any of the "locked" flags is irreversible,
and has the effect of preventing further changes to the
corresponding "base" flag. The locked flags are:
SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED
,
SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED
, and
SECBIT_NOROOT_LOCKED
.
The securebits
flags can be modified and retrieved using the prctl(2) PR_SET_SECUREBITS
and PR_GET_SECUREBITS
operations. The
CAP_SETPCAP
capability is
required to modify the flags.
The securebits
flags are inherited by child processes. During an execve(2), all of the
flags are preserved, except SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS
which is always
cleared.
An application can use the following call to lock itself, and all of its descendants, into an environment where the only way of gaining capabilities is by executing a program with associated file capabilities:
prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED | SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP | SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED | SECBIT_NOROOT | SECBIT_NOROOT_LOCKED);
No standards govern capabilities, but the Linux capability implementation is based on the withdrawn POSIX.1e draft standard; see http://wt.tuxomania.net/publications/posix.1e/
Since kernel 2.5.27, capabilities are an optional kernel component, and can be enabled/disabled via the CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES kernel configuration option.
The /proc/PID/task/TID/status
file can be used
to view the capability sets of a thread. The /proc/PID/status
file shows the capability
sets of a process's main thread. Before Linux 3.8,
nonexistent capabilities were shown as being enabled (1) in
these sets. Since Linux 3.8, all non-existent capabilities
(above CAP_LAST_CAP
) are shown
as disabled (0).
The libcap
package provides a suite of routines for setting and getting
capabilities that is more comfortable and less likely to
change than the interface provided by capset(2) and capget(2). This package
also provides the setcap(8) and getcap(8) programs. It can be
found at
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs
Before kernel 2.6.24, and since kernel 2.6.24 if file
capabilities are not enabled, a thread with the CAP_SETPCAP
capability can manipulate the
capabilities of threads other than itself. However, this is
only theoretically possible, since no thread ever has
CAP_SETPCAP
in either of these
cases:
In the pre-2.6.25 implementation the system-wide
capability bounding set, /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound
, always
masks out this capability, and this can not be changed
without modifying the kernel source and rebuilding.
If file capabilities are disabled in the current
implementation, then init
starts out with
this capability removed from its per-process bounding
set, and that bounding set is inherited by all other
processes created on the system.
capget(2), prctl(2), setfsuid(2), cap_clear(3), cap_copy_ext(3), cap_from_text(3), cap_get_file(3), cap_get_proc(3), cap_init(3), capgetp(3), capsetp(3), libcap(3), credentials(7), pthreads(7), getcap(8), setcap(8)
include/linux/capability.h
in the Linux kernel source tree
This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux man-pages
project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting
bugs, can be found at
http://www.kernel.org/doc/man−pages/.
Copyright (c) 2002 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpagesgmail.com> %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM) Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working professionally. Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. %%%LICENSE_END 6 Aug 2002 - Initial Creation Modified 2003-05-23, Michael Kerrisk, <mtk.manpagesgmail.com> Modified 2004-05-27, Michael Kerrisk, <mtk.manpagesgmail.com> 2004-12-08, mtk Added O_NOATIME for CAP_FOWNER 2005-08-16, mtk, Added CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL and CAP_AUDIT_WRITE 2008-07-15, Serge Hallyn <serueus.bbm.com> Document file capabilities, per-process capability bounding set, changed semantics for CAP_SETPCAP, and other changes in 2.6.2[45]. Add CAP_MAC_ADMIN, CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE, CAP_SETFCAP. 2008-07-15, mtk Add text describing circumstances in which CAP_SETPCAP (theoretically) permits a thread to change the capability sets of another thread. Add section describing rules for programmatically adjusting thread capability sets. Describe rationale for capability bounding set. Document "securebits" flags. Add text noting that if we set the effective flag for one file capability, then we must also set the effective flag for all other capabilities where the permitted or inheritable bit is set. 2011-09-07, mtk/Serge hallyn: Add CAP_SYSLOG |